Dental extraction forceps are the primary instruments for removing teeth, and the correct pattern is matched to the arch, tooth type, and root anatomy. Patterns are identified by number, and choosing the right one improves grip and control while reducing the risk of root fracture. This guide covers how forceps are classified and the main upper, lower, pediatric, and specialty patterns.
How are extraction forceps classified?
Extraction forceps are classified by three criteria: jaw position (upper/maxillary or lower/mandibular), tooth type (anterior, premolar, or molar), and laterality (universal, right, or left). Upper forceps have beaks aligned roughly parallel to the handle, while lower forceps have beaks set at about 90 degrees to the handle. This angulation reflects the different directions of force needed to deliver teeth from each arch.
Upper (maxillary) forceps patterns
Upper forceps engage maxillary teeth with beaks angled for access from below. The common patterns are:
- #1 — Upper anterior: straight, narrow beaks for maxillary incisors and canines.
- #150 — Upper universal: the most versatile upper forceps, for incisors, canines, premolars, and small-rooted molars. Most practices stock two or three pairs.
- #53R / #53L — Upper molars: a pointed beak projection engages the buccal furcation of upper right (#53R) or left (#53L) molars, with a rounded palatal beak.
- #210S — Upper third molar (bayonet): bayonet handles reach posteriorly for maxillary wisdom teeth and clear the lower arch.
Browse extraction forceps.
Lower (mandibular) forceps patterns
Lower forceps have beaks set at right angles to the handle for access to the mandibular arch. Common patterns include:
- #151 — Lower universal: the standard forceps for lower anteriors and premolars. Stock two or three pairs.
- #23 — Cowhorn: pointed beaks engage the bifurcation between the mesial and distal roots of lower molars for strong purchase; avoid when the bifurcation is below the alveolar crest.
- #222 — Lower third molar: shorter, angled beaks for mandibular wisdom teeth.
Pediatric extraction forceps
Pediatric forceps are smaller, narrower versions of adult patterns designed for primary teeth and a child's smaller anatomy. Reduced beak size improves access and control while lowering the risk of damaging adjacent developing teeth. Practices treating children usually stock upper and lower pediatric universals.
Physics and specialty forceps
Specialty forceps modify the classic beak-on-beak design for specific situations. Physics forceps use a single beak plus a bumper that acts as a fulcrum, applying steady rotational force to elevate a tooth with less squeezing pressure. Root-tip forceps have fine, pointed beaks to retrieve fractured roots. These patterns complement, rather than replace, universal forceps.
How to choose the right extraction forceps
Choose forceps by matching the arch, tooth position, and root form to the pattern. Use this quick reference:
| Tooth | Typical forceps pattern |
|---|---|
| Upper incisors / canines | #1, #150 |
| Upper premolars | #150 |
| Upper molars | #53R / #53L |
| Upper third molars | #210S (bayonet) |
| Lower anteriors / premolars | #151 |
| Lower molars | #23 (cowhorn), #151 |
| Fractured roots | Root-tip forceps |
| Primary teeth | Pediatric universals |
Forceps work alongside elevators; see dental elevators. For a deeper look at beak shape, joint, and finish, browse our category and product pages.
Frequently asked questions
What is the most versatile extraction forceps?
The #150 (upper universal) and #151 (lower universal) are the most versatile patterns, covering incisors, canines, and premolars in their respective arches. Most practices stock two or three pairs of each.
What forceps are used for lower molars?
Lower molars are commonly removed with the #23 cowhorn forceps, whose pointed beaks engage the root bifurcation, or with a lower universal (#151). The cowhorn is avoided when the bifurcation sits below the alveolar crest.
How do pediatric forceps differ from adult forceps?
Pediatric forceps are smaller and narrower to fit primary teeth and a child's anatomy, improving access and control while reducing the risk of damaging adjacent developing teeth.
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